![]() ![]() For example, some theorists state that positive and negative emotions are inversely related (Russell, 1980), but others favour the view that positive and negative emotions are relatively independent of each other ( Tellegen, Watson, & Clark, 1999). Researchers disagree to some extent about which dimensional scheme should be used and how different dimensions relate to each other. Rather, experiential, physiological, and behavioural measures are all relevant to understanding emotion and cannot be assumed to be interchangeable. Accordingly, the authors suggest that there is no “gold standard” measure of emotional responding. In addition, experiential, physiological, and behavioural response systems are associated with unique sources of variance, which in turn limits the magnitude of convergence across measures. Across response systems, the bulk of the available evidence favours the idea that measures of emotional responding reflect dimensions rather than discrete states. ![]() The present review examines this model in terms of whether different types of emotion-evocative stimuli are associated with discrete and invariant patterns of responding in each response system, how such responses are structured, and if such responses converge across different response systems. A consensual, componential model of emotions conceptualises them as experiential, physiological, and behavioural responses to personally meaningful stimuli. ![]()
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